Notes

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⁽¹⁾     These data have been provided by the World Bank. See: UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/SR.18, para. 27, p. 9.

⁽²⁾     Rouland N., Pierré-Cops S., Poumaréde J.; Droit des minorités et des peuples autochtones , Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1996, p. 432.

⁽³⁾     See Mynnti K.; The beneficiaries of autonomy arrangements - with special reference to indigenous peoples in general and the Sami in Finland in particular , in: Suksi M. (edited by); Autonomy: applications and implications , Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1998.

⁽⁴⁾     Chapter V is devoted to Mapuche People (Chile) as case study of this paper. Their cosmology and way of life confirms without doubts this strong link with environment and all the elements of nature.

⁽⁵⁾     See Chapter III para. b. for further discussion about the link with environment.

⁽⁶⁾     Mapuche, for instance, means People ('che') of the Earth ('Mapu'). See Chapter II for collective rights to land and environment.

⁽⁷⁾     See Kastrup J.P .; The internationalization of indigenous rights from the environmental and human rights perspective , Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 32.1, Winter 1997, p. 101.

⁽⁸⁾     Hannum H.; Autonomy, sovereignty and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights , University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1992, p. 88.

⁽⁹⁾     UN Doc. Nº E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/21/Add.8.

⁽¹⁰⁾     ILO Convention nº 169 ‘Indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countries’, 1989, arts. 1.1, 1.2.

⁽¹¹⁾     See Mynnti K.; op. cit. , p. 284.

⁽¹²⁾     UN Doc. Nº E/CN.4/1999/82, Cuestiones Indígenas, 20 de febrero de 1999, p. 14.

⁽¹³⁾    “Indigenous peoples have the collective and individual right to maintain and develop their distinct identities and characteristics, including the right to identify themselves as indigenous and to be recognized as such” , Art. 8 UN Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/2/Add.1 (1994).

⁽¹⁴⁾     UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment Nº 23 (50) on Article 27/Minority Rights, 1994, para. 7.

⁽¹⁵⁾     This topic will be analysed in the following Chapter.

⁽¹⁶⁾     Simpson T.; Patrimonio indígena y autodeterminación , IWGIA, Copenhagen, 1997, pp. 22/23,

⁽¹⁷⁾     The case of Mapuche-Pehuence analysed in Chapter VI shows clearly how a development project impacting on the environment and land of an indigenous people can heavily affect their cultural (and material) survival.

⁽¹⁸⁾     See Rouland N., Pierré-Cops S., Poumaréde J.; op. cit. , pp. 458/459.

⁽¹⁸⁾     These concepts have been expressed by Prof. G. Alfredsson during his lectures at the European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratization, Venice, December 1998.

⁽¹⁹⁾     ILO Convention nº 169 ‘Indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countries’, 1989, art. 1(3).

⁽²⁰⁾     UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/37, para. 165.

⁽²¹⁾     WGIP report in UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/33, para. 80.

⁽²²⁾     G. Alfredsson; The right to self-determination and indigenous peoples , in: Tomuschat C. (edited by); Modern law of self-determination , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrect, 1993; pp. 53/54.

⁽²³⁾     See Hannum H.; The protection of indigenous rights in the Inter-American system , in: Harris D.J. & Livingstone S. (edited by); The Inter-American system of human rights , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998, p. 330.

⁽²⁴⁾    ”As in the case with many indigenous cultures, the relationship of the Mapuches to the land is much different from that envisioned by the Western Europeans who came to rule Chile. For the Mapuches, as for many indigenous peoples, the land is a living thing. Moreover, the Mapuche concept of land is not limited to the physical elements. When the Mapuche talk of land or 'Mapu', they are referring not just to the physical soil and the plants that grow there, but to a multidimensional metaphysical and spiritual sphere that extends upward to the sky, downward to the center of the earth, and outward beyond the physical space to the spiritual. The term 'earth' or 'land' refers not only to geographic physical space, but to a philosophical space as well, one that represents the essence of the Mapuche cosmology of good and evil”. Worthen K.J.; The role of indigenous groups in constitutional democracies: a lesson from Chile and the United States , in: Coehn C.P.; The human rights of indigenous peoples , Transnational Publishers, New York, 1998, pp. 241/242.

⁽²⁵⁾     UN document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997.17, para. 52.

⁽²⁶⁾     AAVV; El Convenio sobre la Biodiversidad , IWGIA-Asuntos Indígenas, Nº 3, 1996, p. 5.

⁽²⁷⁾     See Gillespie A.; International environmental law, policy and ethics , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997, p. 93.

⁽²⁸⁾     World Commission on Environment and Development; Our common future , 1987.

⁽²⁹⁾     See also articles 10.c, 17.2, 18.4 of the CBD.

⁽³⁰⁾     Chirif A., Garcia P., Chase Smith R.; El indígena y su territorio , Oxfam America, COICA, Lima, 1991, p. 29.

⁽³¹⁾     See note 25.

⁽³²⁾     Chirif A., Garcia P., Chase Smith R.; op. cit. , p. 24.

⁽³³⁾     Barabas A.M.; Normatividades jurídicas en torno a las relocalizaciones de población indígena , in: AAVV; Derechos indígenas en la actualidad , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad del México, 1994, pp. 31/32.

⁽³⁴⁾     See Kymlicka W.; Multicultrural citizenship , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995, pp. 35/44.

⁽³⁵⁾     The concept of ‘community’ is also a controversial one. Who compose the community? According to which criteria? It seems important to underline once more the concept of self-definition as exposed in Chapter I. See also: Heartney M.; Some confusions concerning collective rights , in: Kymlicka W.; The rights of minority cultures , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995, pp. 202/228.

⁽³⁶⁾     Shutkin W.A., International human rights law and the Earth: the protection of indigenous peoples and the environment , Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, nº 3, Spring 1991, p. 490.

⁽³⁷⁾     Etxeberia X.; El desafío del otro indígena , Letras de Deusto, Vol. 28, n. 79, Abril-Junio 1998, p. 57.

⁽³⁸⁾     Alburquerque F., Desarrollo humano local sostenible. Hacia un nuevo modelo y gestión del desarrollo territorial , Istituto de Economía y Geografía de Cadiz, Cadiz, 1998, p. 3.

⁽³⁹⁾     Woodliffe J.; Biodiversity and indigenous peoples , in: Bowman M., Redgwell C. (edited by); International law and the conservation of biological diversity , Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996, p. 257.

⁽⁴⁰⁾     World Commission on Environment and Development; Our common future , 1987, p. 115.

⁽⁴¹⁾     AAVV; Pueblos indígenas, bosques y biodiversidad , IWGIA, Copenhagen, 1997, pp. 77/78.

⁽⁴²⁾     Arregi J. I.; En el nombre de Abya Yala: movilización indígena en la Decada del Desarrollo Humano Sostenible , Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, 1998, p. 16.

⁽⁴³⁾     Hannum H.; Autonomy, sovereignty..., op. cit. , p.84

⁽⁴⁴⁾     Burger J.; Indigenous peoples and the United Nations , in: Coehn C.P. (edited by); The human rights of indigenous peoples , Transnational Publishers, New York, 1998, p. 6.

⁽⁴⁵⁾     In this assessment of international instruments, the possibility of infra-state complaint is not considered, since it is in fact never applied.

⁽⁴⁶⁾     UN Human Rigths Committee, General Comment Nº. 23 (50) on Article 27 (Minority Rights, 6-4-1994), para. 7.

⁽⁴⁷⁾     Communication N. R 6/24, UN GAOR, 36th Sess., Supp. N. 40, at 166, UN Doc. A/43/40, Annex 18, opinion approved in 1981.

⁽⁴⁸⁾     Communication N. 197/1985, UN GAOR, 43rd Sess., Supp. N. 40, at 207, UN Doc. A/43/40, Annex 7(G), opinion approved in 1988.

⁽⁴⁹⁾     Ominayak, Chief of the Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada, Communication N. 167/1984, UN GAOR, 45th Sess., Supp. N. 40, vol. 2, at 1, UN Doc. A/45/40, Annex 9(A), opinion approved in 1990.

⁽⁵⁰⁾     Mikmaq People v. Canada, Communication N. 205/1986, UN GAOR, 47th Sess., Supp. N. 40, at 200, UN Doc. A/47/40, Annex 9(A), opinion approved in 1992.

⁽⁵¹⁾     Communication N. 431/1990, UN GAOR, 50th Sess., UN Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/431/1990, opinion approved the 24 March 1994.

⁽⁵²⁾     Communication N. 511/1992, UN GAOR, 52nd Sess., UN Doc. CCPR/C/52/D/511/1992, opinion approved the 8 November 1994.

⁽⁵³⁾     Ibid., para. 9.3.

⁽⁵⁴⁾     Communication N. 671/1995, UN GAOR, 58th Sess., UN Doc. CCPR/C/58/D/671/1995, opinion approved the 30 October 1996.

⁽⁵⁵⁾     Ibid., para. 10.7.

⁽⁵⁶⁾     Communication N. 549/1993, UN GAOR, 60th Sess., UN Doc. CCPR/C/60/D/549/1993/Rev.1, opinion approved the 29 December 1997.

⁽⁵⁷⁾     Ibid., para. 10.3.

⁽⁵⁸⁾     Boyle A.E.; The Rio Convention on Biological Diversity , in: Bowman M., Redgwell C. (edited by); International law and the conservation of biological diversity , Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996, p. 48.

⁽⁵⁹⁾     UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/9, 6 July 1994, p. 74.

⁽⁶⁰⁾     Anaya S.J.; Indigenous peoples in international law , Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, p. 162.

⁽⁶¹⁾     World Bank OMS 2.34, 1982, para. 6.

⁽⁶²⁾     World Bank OD 4.20, 1991, para. 3.

⁽⁶³⁾     Ibid., para. 5.

⁽⁶⁴⁾     Ibid., para. 8.

⁽⁶⁵⁾     The World Bank comprises four quasi-autonomous institutions that nevertheless share a common President and personnel office. IBRD and IDA comprise the World Bank proper. Together with the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which is legally, financially and operationally separate from the World Bank, they make up the World Bank Group. The former two lend to national governments. The latter two lend to the private sector, with the IFC making direct loans to private corporations, while the MIGA deals with loan guarantees.

⁽⁶⁶⁾     AAVV; The rights of indigenous peoples , UN Fact Sheet n. 9, Geneva, 1997, p. 20.

⁽⁶⁷⁾     The case regards the attack carried out by Suriname soldiers to a group of twenty males of the Sarima Tribe of Maroons, and the killing of seven of these latter.

⁽⁶⁸⁾    Fabra A.; Indigenous peoples, environmental degradation and human rights: a case study , in: Boyle A.E. & Anderson M.R. (edited by); Human rights approaches to environmental protection , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996, p. 250.

⁽⁶⁹⁾     Ibid., p. 262.

⁽⁷⁰⁾     See note 25.

⁽⁷¹⁾     Jaña D.; Las estructuras religiosas Mapuche-Pehuenche y su influencia en las acciones locale , Abisua, Febrero 1998, pp. 26/27.

⁽⁷²⁾     The Pehuenche are the Mapuche group interested by the case of the dams on the Biobío river. The next Chapter will analyse in depth this case.

⁽⁷³⁾     Casanueva F.; Los Mapuches: Economía y Guerra en una sociedad libre , in: AAVV; Mapuche - Apuntes , Comité Exterior Mapuche, Belgique, 1984, p. 16.

⁽⁷⁴⁾    Worthen K.J.; op. cit. , p. 253.

⁽⁷⁵⁾     AAVV; Report on the present situation of the Mapuche in Chile , Survival International (report to the Working Group on Indigenous Populations), Washington D.C., 1984, p. 4.

⁽⁷⁶⁾     Berger T.R. & Katz C.; Los Mapuche-Pehuenche y el proyecto hidroelectrico de Ralco: un pueblo amenazado , FIDH (informe sobre la misión de investigación), Chile, Marzo de 1998, p. 256/8.

⁽⁷⁷⁾     According to the last National Census (1992), the areas of extreme poverty (index between 50% and 85% of the population of the province) are in conjunction with the areas of major Mapuche presence (between 40% and 60% of the population).

⁽⁷⁸⁾    ”...la realidad de estas comunas es que entre un 45% a 50% por ciento de las personas que viven entre Quilaco y Santa Barbara (Biobío region, n. VIII) sufren de extrema pobreza y tienen las tasas de analfabetismo y desnutrición infantil más altas del país” . President of Chile Eduardo Frei at the inauguration of the Pangue Dam on the Biobío river, in: Mendoza L.; Presidente inauguró hidroeléctrica en el Alto Bibío: Frei defendió construction de centrales Pangue y Ralco , Noticias/La Epoca Internet/Chile, año 1, Nº 316, Jueves 7 de marzo de 1997.

⁽⁷⁹⁾     See in particular the data diffused by the Mapuche International Link (http://members.aol.com/mapulink), Chile Information Project - Monti Aguirre, Latin American Campaigns, International Rivers Network (http://www.irn.org) and Nizkor España (http://www.derechos.org/nizkor).

⁽⁸⁰⁾     The last 12 of May, the Monitor for the Protection of Human Rights Defender (joint program of the International Federation of Human Rights, FIDH and the World Organisation Against Torture, OMCT), started an urgent action for the arrest of two lawyers of Mapuche origin, Pedro Cayuqueo and José Lincoqueo Huenuman. According to the urgent appeal this act is part of a repressive policy of the Chilean State against Mapuche people and its representatives.

⁽⁸¹⁾     Jaña D.; Las esctruturas religiosas..., op. cit. , pp. 27/28.

⁽⁸²⁾     Jaña D.; Las centrales hydroélectricas en el Río Biobío de Chile y la lucha del pueblo indígena Pehuenche , Abisua, Julio 1997, p. 30.

⁽⁸³⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; The Pehuenche, the World Bank Group and Endesa S.A. violations of human rights in the Pangue and Ralco dam projects on the Bío-Bío River, Chile , Committee for Human Rights of the American Anthropological Association, U.S., March 1998, p. 10.

⁽⁸⁴⁾     See note 66 for World Bank's composition.

⁽⁸⁵⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit. , p. 7.

⁽⁸⁶⁾     International Finance Corporation, Terms of Reference for An Interim Evaluation of the Pehuen Foundation, July 26, 1995.

⁽⁸⁷⁾     See Chapter IV, para. f.

⁽⁸⁸⁾     Downing T.; A participatory interim evaluation of the Pehuen Foundation , prepared for the International Finance Corporation (the IFC has asked that it be made clear that this report is not an IFC official document.), May 1996.

⁽⁸⁹⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit ., p. 17.

⁽⁹⁰⁾     See Hair J.D. Ph. D., Benjamin D. Ph. D., Luke J.D. Esq. And Avra O.R.; Pangue Hydroelectric Project (Chile): An independent review of the International Finance Corporation's Compliance with Applicable World Bank Group Environmental and Social Requirements , 1997.

⁽⁹¹⁾     IFC explained that, since the report contains affirmations regarding Pangue S.A. and information regarding ENDESA, the disclosure of this part of the Hair's report would breaks the confidential obligation of IFC towards Pangue S.A. and ENDESA. See Letter of World Bank's President J.D. Wolfensohn to Ms. Andrea Durbin of Friends of the Earth, June 2, 1997, in IRN web-site: http://www.irn.org/programs/biobio/9/0602letter.html.

⁽⁹²⁾     International Rivers Network, Bio Bio Fact Sheet, web-site: http://www.irn.org/programs/biobio/bbtact.html.

⁽⁹³⁾     Downing's statement to the CfHR of the American Antrhorpological Association, see Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit , p. 17.

⁽⁹⁴⁾     Energy Research Program at the University of Chile, the International Institute for Energy Conservation (Latin American Office, Santiago) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) of the U.S., released May 9, 1996.

⁽⁹⁵⁾    ”Las condiciones del financiamiento exigían varias obligaciones por parte dei Pangue S.A. y ENDESA, su empresa madre, en las áreas de impactos ambientales y sociales. Siento informarte que ENDESA parece haber tomado una posición poco constructiva respecto a sus obligaciones ambientales y sociales, en particular respecto a la preparación de un estudio de impactos acumulativos satisfactorio para su proyecto Ralco, y está en una situación de inminente mora, de acuerdo a los compromisos financieros adoptados con la CFI” . Letter of World Bank's President J.D Wolfensohn to Chilean Finance Minister Eduardo Aninat, in Diario Electrónico de Copesa, web-site: http://www.copesa.cl/Casos/Endesa/Carta2.html.

⁽⁹⁶⁾     Mendoza L.; Presidente inauguró hidroeléctrica en el Alto Bibío: Frei defendió construction de centrales Pangue y Ralco , Noticias/La Epoca Internet/Chile, año 1, Nº 316, Jueves 7 de marzo de 1997.

⁽⁹⁷⁾    ”De acuerdo a lo constatado en nuestros estudios en terreno, este impacto cultural sería de tal magnitud para las comunidades afectadas, que dificilmente podría ser mitigado o compensado a través de las medidas propuestas por CONAMA” . Instituto de Estudios Indígenas, Universidad de la Frontera; La Resolucion de Conama sobre el proyecto hidroeléctrico Ralco y los Mapuche Pehuenche , Temuco 15 de junio de 1997, in Rehue Foundation web site: http://www.xs4all.nl/~rehue/ralco/ral024.html.

⁽⁹⁸⁾     For the Indigenous Law 19253 see Chilean Congress' Library, web-site: http://www.congresso.cl/biblioteca/biblioteca.html.

⁽⁹⁹⁾     See Chapter V, para. c.

⁽¹⁰⁰⁾     This transaction, known in Chile as El negocio del siglo , has caused a financial scandal with a following intervention of the Chilean State. See Castillo R., Fernandez G.; ENDESA acusada de etnocidio en Chile , Articulo 20, n. 5, 21 dicembre 1998.

⁽¹⁰¹⁾     Berger T.R., Katz C.; Los Mapuche-Pehuenche y el proyecto hidroelectrico de Ralco: un pueblo amenazado , FIDH, Chile, marzo 1998.

⁽¹⁰²⁾     Idem, p. 17.

⁽¹⁰³⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit ..

⁽¹⁰⁴⁾     Downing T.; A participatory interim evaluation of the Pehuen Foundation , prepared for the International Finance Corporation, May 1996.

⁽¹⁰⁵⁾     International Finance Corporation, Terms of Reference for An Interim Evaluation of the Pehuen Foundation, July 26, 1995.

⁽¹⁰⁶⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit , p. 26.

⁽¹⁰⁷⁾    ”Presidente de Banco Mundial reconoce mala evaluación de la central Pangue” , La Epoca, Santiago, Año 2 N. 722, Lunes 20 de abril de 1998.

⁽¹⁰⁸⁾     La Tercera (Copesa-Chile), 12 de Mayo, 1999.

⁽¹⁰⁹⁾     One of the last initiatives regards the support that ENDESA ESPAÑA has given to a ‘Master in Co-operation and Sosteinable Development’, organised by the Madrid University of Comillas with the collaboration of some NGOs as Intermon, Unicef and Manos Unidas. The accuse for EE is to destroy culture and environment of Pehuenche in Chile while supporting a Master with a content of ‘Planification, management and realisation of co-operation projects aimed to the respect of cultures, human rights and environment’.

⁽¹¹⁰⁾    ”Estrategia Española de Cooperación con los Pueblos Indígenas” , CAECI, Foreign Affairs Ministry, 1998, p. 5.

⁽¹¹¹⁾    ”...The recognition of indigenous peoples' right to determine their own development, implies that donors should encourage indigenous participation at all levels and obtain the free and informed consent from the peoples concerned to any project affecting their land an livelihood” , in: ”On support for indigenous peoples in the development co-operation of the Community and Member States” , European Community, May 1998, p. 14.

⁽¹¹²⁾     Plater Z.J.B.; Damning the third world: multilateral developments banks, environmental diseconomies and international reform pressures on the lending process , Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 17.1, Fall 1988.

⁽¹¹³⁾     Khor M.; Global economy and the third world , in: Mander J. & Goldsmith E. (edited by); The case against the global economy , Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1996, p. 53.

⁽¹¹⁴⁾     See note 66.

⁽¹¹⁵⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit , p. 31.

⁽¹¹⁶⁾     Idem.

⁽¹¹⁷⁾     Goldsmith E.; Development as colonialism , in: Mander J. & Goldsmith E.; op. cit. , p. 265.

⁽¹¹⁸⁾     The Institute of Indigenous Studies (University of La Frontera, Temuco), in this sense affirmed the existence of ENDESA dubious pressures over CONAMA. See: Instituto de Estudios Indígenas, Universidad de la Frontera; La Resolucion de Conama sobre el proyecto hidroeléctrico Ralco y los Mapuche Pehuenche , Temuco 15 de junio de 1997, in Rehue Foundation web site: http://www.xs4all.nl/~rehue/ralco/ral024.html.

⁽¹¹⁹⁾     See Arregi J.I.; op.cit., p. 7.

⁽¹²⁰⁾     One interesting example of using link with environment issues to call attention to indigenous peoples’ rights has been given by the discourse made by Kayapo’s and Yanonami’s leaders in front of World Bank officials. See Dallam H.E., The growing voice of indigenous peoples: their use of storytelling and rights discourse to transform multilateral development bank policies , Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 8 N. 2, 1991.

⁽¹²¹⁾     See Etxeberria X.; op. cit. , p. 57.

⁽¹²²⁾     See Chapter IV, para. b.

⁽¹²³⁾     UN Human Rigths Committee, General Comment Nº. 23 (50) on Article 27 (Minority Rights, 6-4-1994), para. 7.

⁽¹²⁴⁾     See Chapter IV, para. b.

⁽¹²⁵⁾     The distribution of Downing's report only to non-Pehuenche members of the Pehuen Foundation has been made by the IFC and, therefore, Chilean State has not responsibility there. See para. a, point 7.

⁽¹²⁶⁾     See Chapter IV, para. d.

⁽¹²⁷⁾     Maffei M.C., Pineschi L., Scovazzi T., Treves T.; Participation in world treaties on the protection of the environment; a collection data , Kluwer Law International, London, 1996, p. 272.

⁽¹²⁸⁾     See para. a, point 7, p...

⁽¹²⁹⁾     See Hannum H.; The protection of indigenous rights...op. cit. , p. 328.

⁽¹³⁰⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit , p. 34.

⁽¹³¹⁾     Ibid., p. 32.

⁽¹³²⁾    ”Presidente de Banco Mundial reconoce mala evaluación de la central Pangue” , La Epoca, Santiago, Año 2 N. 722, Lunes 20 de abril de 1998.

⁽¹³³⁾     Johnston B., Turner T.; op. cit , p. 27.

⁽¹³⁴⁾     See Chapter II, para. a.

⁽¹³⁵⁾     The building of Ralco is going on also if the judgement on the legal action issued against 1997 CONAMA's decision is still pending. See para. a, point 7.

⁽¹³⁶⁾    UN document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997.17, para. 42.

⁽¹³⁷⁾     IFC Doc.; Procedure for Environmental and Social Review of Projects , December 1998, para. 1, web-site: http://www.ifc.org.

⁽¹³⁸⁾     Ibid., para. 2.

⁽¹³⁹⁾     In its decision 1992/255 of July 20, 1992, the Economic and Social Council requested United Nations bodies and specialised agencies “to ensure that all technical assistance financed or provided by them is compatible with international instruments and standards applicable to indigenous peoples” and encouraged “efforts to promote coordination among organizations of the United Nations system and greater participation of indigenous peoples in the planning and implementation of projects affecting them”.

⁽¹⁴⁰⁾     Johnston B. & Turner T.; op. cit. , pp. 25/26.

⁽¹⁴¹⁾    “Strengthening the legal and institutional framework for environmental protection and sustainable development” , report of the Expert Group on Environmental Law to the World Commission on Environment and Development, August 1986.

⁽¹⁴²⁾     UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/40; 15/6/1994, para. 21/22.

⁽¹⁴³⁾     UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/14, Annex, 13/8/1997.

⁽¹⁴⁴⁾     UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/NGO/12, 20/7/1998.

⁽¹⁴⁵⁾     See Estévez A.; Empresas y derechos humanos , Amnistía Internacional, N. 32, Agosto-Septiembre 1998, pp. 15/18.

⁽¹⁴⁶⁾     Diario El País, 23/5/1999.

⁽¹⁴⁷⁾    “There is now a considerable body of interdisciplinary research which lends strong support for the thesis that principles of sustainability rather than simple subsistence are the bedrock of indigenous economic and cultural life.” , in: Woodliffe J.; op. cit. , p. 257.

⁽¹⁴⁸⁾     Dallam H.E.; op. cit. , p. 147.

⁽¹⁴⁹⁾     UN Human Rigths Committee, General Comment Nº. 23 (50) on Article 27 (Minority Rights, 6-4-1994), para. 7.

⁽¹⁵⁰⁾    “Creo que no puede haber un verdadero desarrollo nacional si no se preservan la historia y la cultura de los pueblos, sobre todo en un nuevo medio globalizado, en el que hay presión para imponer la ‘uniformidad’ en todos los países” . Wolfensohn J.D.; Propuesta de un marco integral de desarrollo , World Bank, Washington, Enero 1999, p. 17.

⁽¹⁵¹⁾     See Chapter II, para. b.

⁽¹⁵²⁾     Sands P. & Werksman J.; Procedural aspects of international law in the field of sustainable development: citizens’ right , in: Ginther K., Denters E.& de Waart P.J.IM. (edited by); Sustainable development and good governance , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, 1995, p. 188.

^(*)     This Chapter has been widely based on the documentation provided by Mr Oscar Paillacan Ramírez, Mapuche Representative in Spain, of the organisations 'Mapuche International Link' and 'Proyecto de Documentación Ñuke Mapu.